Growth of plasma instabilities in the post-sunset equatorial ionospheric F region gives rise to irregularities known by the generic name: equatorial spread F (ESF), which scatter incident VHF or higher frequency radio waves ...

The coherence scale length, defined as the 50% decorrelation scale length along the magnetic east-west direction, in the ground scintillation pattern obtained at a dip equatorial location, due to scattering of VHF radio ...