Abstract:
Space weather affects the distribution of plasma in the ionosphere and piasrnasphere through which radio waves used for communication and navigation propagate. On some occasions, only large-scale ( >10 km) structures in the propagation medium are encountered by the radio waves, while at other times, small-scale variations in ionospheric electron density give rise to scintillations on transionospheric radio waves. Recent studies of both of these situations at equatorial, mid- and high latitudes are reviewed.
